Author: dhirendradas007@gmail.com

  • Data Proves Ethereum Is The Real Market Leader

    Ethereum has been behaving irrationally despite having the following things to its advantage.

    Ethereum had the highest blockchain revenue in 2024 ($2.5 billion), beating all other cryptocurrencies like Tron, Bitcoin, and Solana.

    Top 6 Blockchains wrt Fee Earned

    The number of dApps on Ethereum is far greater than the number of dApps on other chains like Solana but comparable to BNB.

    Top 6 Blockchains wrt dApps

    Ethereum’s TVL is at $50.8 billion, about 700% higher than the nearest competitor i.e., Solana ($2.5 billion).

    The amount of liquidity that exists on Ethereum is also far greater than other blockchains at $120 billion. Comparatively, Tron has $62 billion of stablecoins and Solana at $11.5 billion.

    Why is Ethereum Not The #1 Crypto?

    Ethereum should have been the largest cryptocurrency but is way behind Bitcoin at a fraction of its price. There are some rational reasons like corporate support for Bitcoin (which companies thought as the Digital Gold). But there are a few irrational factors too, like Attention Economics.

    The Grayscale Ethereum Trust

    Grayscale Ethereum ETF Net Flows
    Grayscale Ethereum ETF Net Flows Since Launch

    Ethereum’s price has been under selling pressure since the ETF approval. Unlike the Bitcoin ETF, Ethereum ETFs saw wide selling due to one major factor.

    The Grayscale Ethereum Trust had amassed $2 billion worth of investments through the sale of its shares. It had a very high fee of 2.5%, which was 10x higher than the fees charged by Ethereum ETFs like BlackRock’s ETHA. As a result, those who had bought Grayscale Trust sold their shares.

    This led to a series of redemptions at a point when Ethereum had just touched a high of $4000. Seeing a shorting opportunity based on the Grayscale ETF induced sell-off, crypto markets saw a deep correction in Ethereum, plunging it to $3000 levels in no time.

    Disconnect With the Crypto Market Sentiments

    Another major reason why Ethereum faced a serious price challenge was its disconnect with the aspirations of broader crypto markets.

    To be honest, most first-time crypto users (who form the bulk of the markets) have just entered it to make big profits. For them, cryptocurrencies like Ethereum, Polygon, Arbitrum, or Algorand made little sense. This is why most of them moved towards memecoins, and later towards PumpFun (memecoin creation tool on Solana) to launch their own tokens. This phenomenon is termed as Attention Economics.

    Bitcoin had corporate support via ETFs, which was absent in the case of Ethereum. Still, today, most long-term Bitcoin ETF holders are corporate investors who bought them because they cannot show Bitcoin in their balance sheets.

    Lately, as these memecoin buyers exit the markets, the attention is expected to shift towards utility-driven projects like Ethereum once again.

    Exploring Rationality in Irrational Markets

    The worst thing about irrational markets is that they tend to correct when you least expect them to be.

    In the current markets, Ethereum could have been the largest blockchain if we think in rational terms.

    • It has a much wider application than Bitcoin.
    • It has a much larger DeFi TVL than Solana.
    • It has a much more sophisticated and well-tested smart contract technology than Cardano.
    • It has a much higher blockchain revenue than Tron.
    • It has a much higher validator count than all Layer-2s combined.
    • It has reduced its blockchain fees by 95% compared to the pre-Dencun Era.

    Clearly, Ethereum should be the top blockchain when it comes to deploying dApps

    To Invest or Not to Invest

    Ethereum’s long-term prospects are very strong, whether it be its blockchain revenue, user activity, on-chain dapps, DeFi TVL, liquidity metrics, or tokenomics. All indicate that the current status of Ethereum is at its strongest point.

    Media brands several blockchains as “Ethereum-killer”, yet none of them can consistently defeat it in any major metric, be it user growth, revenue, or on-chain TVL.

    Disclaimer: The above report has been made from an informational point of view and is not financial advice. Viewers are advised to seek financial advice before investing.

  • List of Businesses Accepting Dogecoin Globally

    Several business throughout the world accept Dogecoin as a mode of payment whether directly or through a third party. We have curated a list of all such businesses along with the industry they operate in so that you can easily choose where you want to spend your DOGE.

    Please, do note that acceptance of Dogecoin can change over time, so it’s always a good idea to verify with the business directly before making a purchase.

    Automobiles

    Tesla

    Location: Globally

    Tesla accepts Dogecoin Payments for accessories.

    Post Oak Motor Cars

    Location: USA

    New and used car dealership in Houston, Texas, USA.

    Bit Cars

    Location: Europe

    Crypto-only marketplace specializing in premium cars.

    AutoCoin Cars

    Location: Canada

    Car retail marketplace in Canada.

    Electronics

    Digital Privacy Shop

    Location: Global

    Privacy friendly, and de-Googled electronics devices supplier.

    Software

    PSB Hosting

    Location: EU

    PSB hosting is a cloud hosting company in the Europe.

    Microsoft

    Location: Global

    Users can buy Microsoft products with Bitrefill cards which can be bought with Dogecoin.

    Das AI

    Location: Global

    Das AI

    Das AI Offers direct Dogecoin payments for services like AI agents, AI Chatbots, AI GPTs, and AI-based research.

    NetCat

    Location: Australia

    Web design and support service based out of Australia.

    Retail and Shopping

    Bitpay

    Location: USA

    Bitpay offers global shopping cards for retailers like Microsoft, Target and others.

    Leisure and Entertainment

    Twitch

    Location: Globally

    Twitch Logo

    Web streaming and monetization platform mostly used for gaming streams.

    Kind Seed Co.

    Locations: USA, Canada, Spain

    The company sells Canabis seeds which is used for its CBD oil.

    MetaWin

    Locations: Global

    MetaWin is an online Web3 Casino.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    1. How can I accept Dogecoin payments for my business?

    You can easily accept Dogecoin payments via two methods.

    • Direct payments via a Web3 wallet like Trust Wallet or Phantom Wallet.
    • Indirect payment providers like Coinbase Commerce.

    2. Are there any businesses accepting Shiba Inu payments?

    Yes, Das Marketing accepts all crypto payments including Shiba Inu for content and SEO services.

  • What Best Describes the Relationship between Blockchain Technology and Cryptocurrencies?

    The relation between cryptocurrencies and a blockchain is that cryptocurrencies exist on a blockchain. Users can log-in to their blockchain addresses (via private keys) to send and receive crypto.

    Any blockchain has two kinds of cryptocurrencies, native (issued on the same blockchain) and non-native (transferred from other blockchains). Native cryptocurrencies can be used as transaction fees to send and receive any crypto that is present on the blockchain.

    The best equivalent is a truck and diesel. Just like the diesel helps the truck move (i.e., change location), similarly to add any data on the blockchain, you need to spend its native crypto. If you are moving diesel (native crypto), you also need to spend some diesel to move the truck. Whereas, if you are moving gasoline/petrol, you need some diesel anyways to run the truck.

    Native vs Non-Native Crypto in a Blockchain
    Native vs Non-Native Crypto in a Blockchain

    How Is The Native Crypto Spent in a Blockchain? Transaction Fees

    The fuel required to run a blockchain is called “gas” in many blockchains like Ethereum, Base, BNB, Optimism, Arbitrum and others. There are 6 broad stages by which a blockchain works and all of them are depicted in the infographic below.

    Proof of Work Consensus Mechanism

    Every base layer (layer-1) blockchain has its native crypto like Ethereum has ETH, Bitcoin has BTC, Cardano has ADA, Solana has SOL and many others. This native token is used to pay the transaction validators whose job is to make sure that no false transaction is added on the blockchain.

    The process takes place in 7 steps:

    1. User initiates a transaction.
    2. Transaction gets deposited into a memory pool (mempool) and validators pick transactions from this pool In some cases, the blockchain client (software) assigns it to them.
    3. They run computations to make sure that the transaction is valid.
    4. Transaction is then added to a block.
    5. Once found valid, this is broadcasted to a large number of validators who take note of the transaction.
    6. It is then finalized when at least a few number of blocks are added to the blockchain.
  • Bitcoin’s 2024 Rally Isn’t Over, Expect Sluggish Price in Short Term

    Several data points have emerged in the recent past that clearly shows Bitcoin’s 2024 rally is far from over. Data points from Rekt Capital, Ali Charts, Decentrader and Blockchain Lab confirms that Bitcoin is poised to climb much higher in 2024, than the levels that we see now.

    Bitcoin Outside of Danger Zone

    On May 02, 2024, Rekt Capital confirmed that Bitcoin was in a danger zone. This zone corresponded to a phase called post-halving consolidation where the macro-diagonal posed a strong resistance. The phase was indeed marked by high selling pressure and posed a risk for Bitcoin to fall down to $50k.

    This zone was termed as the danger zone by Rekt Capital and is displayed in purple in the image below.

    Finally with the selling phase being over, Bitcoin has now climbed above $60k, which now forms a strong support zone.

    As per the Macro Diagonal theory, this marks the beginning of the resurgence zone which may extend to $90k. It is evident that after each Bitcoin halving there has been multifold returns. The graph below shows the exact percentage returns after each halving in 2012, 2016, and 2020.

    Bitcoin Halving Dates vs Price , Source: Techopedia.com
    Bitcoin Halving Dates vs Price , Source: Techopedia.com

    Bitcoin Funding Rates Turn Neutral From Negative

    Bitcoin funding rates have turned neutral from negative this week. Data from Decentrader shows that on May 05, 2024, funding rates have turned neutral marking the end of bearishness. Subsequently, these funding rates have now turned positive which shows resurgence in the markets.

    Bitcoin Funding Rates from April 25 to May 07, 2024
    Bitcoin Funding Rates from April 25 to May 07, 2024

    #Note: Funding rate refers to the difference in Bitcoin Futures price and Spot price. If funding rates are positive, it means the market is bullish, and if they are negative, it shows a bearish market. The change of funding rates from positive to neutral marks the end of bullishness and change from negative to neutral marks the end of bearishness.

    Don’t Expect A Parabolic Rally Now

    Despite all bullishness, Bitcoin will mostly be under sideways pressure due to a few reasons.

    1. Miner Sales

    Miners still have around $5 billion worth Bitcoins that they might sell at the right moment, possibly during a rally. This selling might keep Bitcoin under pressure for a while. However, we expect the selling to stop by September 2024.

    2. 90 Day Trailing MVRV Ratio

    Historically, whenever MVRV ratio has dropped below its 90 day average, there has been a period of accumulation. This ratio has been used by traders to identify buy zones that ultimately lead to a rally. As of 08 May 2024, the MVRV ratio has just dipped below its 90 day average. See the below chart by Glassnode, shared by Ali Charts.

    3. Decline in Open Interest

    This factor is more of a short term one. The Open Interest has been in a decline since a month ago on 12th April. Both futures and options OI show the same pattern. Typically a reduction in OI with an increase in price shows short covering. Short covering rallies rarely last.

    Bitcoin Futures and Options OI
    Bitcoin Futures and Options OI

    When Bitcoin moved from $56k-$60k between 1st and 3rd May 2024, it was more of a short covering rally since Bitcoin was leveraged at the $58k support zone.

  • Bitcoin ETFs Break 7 Day Outflow Streak, Net Inflows on 3 May at $378 million

    On May 03, 2024, all major US Spot Bitcoin ETFs have recorded a net inflow. This has broken the streak of outflows for the previous 7 days. US Bitcoin ETFs had been witnessing continuous selling pressure due to recent volatility and sell offs by short term investors.

    With BTC’s price falling below the average buying price for short term investors, their selling streak has come to an end.

    Bitcoin ETFs Record Net Inflow of $378 million

    Data by Coinglass shows that on May 03, 2024, all US spot Bitcoin ETFs have recorded a major inflows. This was the first net inflow in about 8 days. Prior to this, there was a net outflow from ETFs which resulted in a selling pressure as ETFs needed to sell their Bitcoins to allow user redemptions.

    Although there were some net buying in the individual ETFs, yet the net outflow was hurting Bitcoin prices.

    Bitcoin ETF Flows from 24 April 2024 to 3 May 2024
    Bitcoin ETF Flows from 24 April 2024 to 3 May 2024

    Grayscale Spot Bitcoin ETF Records First Inflow Since Launch

    The Grayscale Spot Bitcoin ETF was born from Grayscale GBTC Trust. On the date of the approval of spot ETFs, the Grayscale ETF existed as the trust and had a size of $42 billion.

    The availability of new Bitcoin ETFs at lower fees lured investors and the GBTC trust started losing funds at an alarming rate. However, 109 days after the launch of Bitcoin ETFs, the GBTC trust (now Grayscale Spot ETF) has seen a positive inflow of $63 million.

    Despite all, the Grayscale Spot Bitcoin ETF still has the highest assets under management, i.e., $24 billion which is still much ahead of the second largest (BlackRock’s IBIT) which is at $17 billion.

    Here is a comparison of top Spot Bitcoin ETFs by Blockworks.

    Spot Bitcoin ETF Explorer  as on 4 May 2024
    Spot Bitcoin ETF Explorer as on 4 May 2024

    #NOTE: In the US, ETFs are registered as legal trusts and the shares of these trusts are sold in exchanges as ETFs.

    Reasons for Renewed Buying

    Out of several reasons for a renewed buying in Bitcoin, we have identified the top most reasons.

    1. Bitcoin’s price was suppressed mostly due to short term investors who might have exited after their BTC went below their buying price.
    2. Quick recovery in Bitcoin’s price after $55k-$57k acted as a strong buying zone.

    Failed Hong Kong ETFs

    The Hong Kong Bitcoin ETFs failed to perform as the net inflows on the first day of the launch was a little above $8 million as compared to $4.6 billion inflows by US spot ETFs. Even on day 2, the inflows were a meagre $5.56 million vs 1.42 billion by US ETFs on their day 2.

  • Bitcoin’s Selling Pressure Ends as Short Term Investors Exit Markets

    Selling in Bitcoin and overall markets were severe in the last couple of weeks because of short term investors.

    Due to a bull rally prior to Bitcoin Halving, and the lofty targets given by top analysts, several short term investors saw an opportunity to make some quick money.

    However, by the time these investors entered the markets, the prices were already in the overbought zone. When these short term investors entered, the markets were ripe for a correction.

    Bitcoin Price Charts for Short Term
    Bitcoin Price Charts for Short Term

    Geopolitical events like Israel-Iran conflict, US FED interest rates and profit booking triggered a sale in the markets.

    Once selling gained momentum, the short term investors sold completely and most of them likely existed the markets. As soon as the price of Bitcoin went below the average purchase price of short term investors, the selling paused.

    Bitcoin On Chain Data

    A report by Glassnode shows that it is highly likely that these short term investors have exited the markets. The below image shows how short term investors with an average buying age of 1 week – 3 months have likely sold the most. The realized price for purchases done in the last 3 months were $62k.

    Blockchain Lab Accurately Identified Buying Levels

    This was also the support identified by us at Blockchain Lab i.e., $61.3k in the below chart. The reason why we thought the price would act as a support is due to 2 arguments.

    1. Bitcoin’s price would not experience any severe fall due to Bitcoin Halving and due to the presence of Bitcoin ETFs.
    2. Secondly, the trend lines showed that $61.3k was a very strong buying zone. This is why despite the fact that price went below this line, it immediately recovered.
    Bitcoin Supports and Resistances as on 1 May 2024
    Bitcoin Supports and Resistances Identified as on 1 May 2024

    Slow Price Recovery Ahead

    Now that short term investors have likely exited the markets, the price of Bitcoin may jump to $66k. However, we do not expect any large rally to extend unless the resistance at $72.3k is taken out.

    The presence of a huge BTC holding with Bitcoin miners could also keep prices suppressed for a while in the next few months.

  • Bitcoin Below $60k, Might Fall to $50k Soon

    In the last 24 hours starting 8 a.m. UTC on 30th April 2023, we saw a continuous fall in Bitcoin’s price from $63,200 to $57,165. The immediate reasons seemed to be Bitcoin ETF outflows, lackluster debut of Hong Kong Spot Bitcoin ETFs, miner sales and general bearishness in the markets.

    In the last few days, there has been severe consolidation in the broader markets which have left investors and traders confused as to what should be done next. In this article, we use on-chain data, fundamental metrics and technical charts to understand what could be the best course of action for the near foreseeable future.

    Bitcoin Outflow Intensifies

    US Spot Bitcoin ETFs had seen a major outflow in the last day i.e., 30 April 2024. There was $3.60 million in inflows and total outflows stood $165.20 million. at causing a net outflow of $161.60 million.

    The only Bitcoin ETF with any inflow was ArkInvest which saw $3.60 million of inflows.

    The individual outflows in and out of major Bitcoin ETFs are:

    • GBTC -$93.2 million
    • FBTC -$35.30 million
    • BITB -$34.30 million
    • BTCO -$2.40 million

    Other major Bitcoin ETFs did not see any outflows but also had zero inflow.

    A look at the trend of Bitcoin ETF flows shows that after mid-march the markets entered a profit booking mode. Net inflows slowly dropped to zero and outflows began. Still, the outflows are not as severe as they could have been, thanks to the reduced supply of Bitcoin after halving which seems to have held the price.

    Lackluster Debut of Hong Kong ETFs

    The Hong Kong ETF failed to attract investors in the Asian markets. On the first day of debut, April 29th, the net inflows were at $8 million as compared to $4.6 billion in US Spot Bitcoin ETFs on their first day.

    The lackluster performance can be attributed to the following figures:

    • Market trends
    • Bearish market sentiments
    • Excess of Bitcoins in the market
    • Availability of spot ETFs in the US which is one of the primary demand sources for Bitcoin
    • The crypto crackdown in China in the past

    Among all reasons, we believe that the crypto crackdown in China that took place around September 2021 could be a major reason for holding investors back.

    Main landers(people from mainland China) comprise a major chunk of general as well as investor population in the Hong Kong. The increase in main lander investors within Hong Kong rose majorly after the post-covid housing crisis in mainland China.

    A report by Nikkei Asia shows that 80% of inflow of people that settled in Hong Kong were from Mainland China. A special policy of “one-way permit” allows Chinese mainlanders to settle in Hong Kong along with their families.

    Since most of them have connections that tie them back to mainland China, they might get hesitant in investing in Bitcoin or any cryptocurrencies even in the form of ETFs.

    Miner Sales and General Bearishness

    Bitcoin miners might be forced to sell their mined Bitcoins to cover operational costs as well as to realize some profits.

    As per an estimate by 10x Research, miners could have been sitting on $5.2 billion worth of Bitcoins. The same report indicates that the miner holdings are alone sufficient to keep prices suppressed in the coming 6 months.

    The miner sales would not have been these worse if the general market trends had been a little better.

    The markets witnessed a net fall in Bitcoin’s price in April 2023. After starting near $69k, the markets corrected for the first week. A relief rally in the second week failed after Bitcoin couldn’t cross $70k.

    Bitcoin Charts Looks Severely Bearish for May 2024

    As on 1 May 2024, Bitcoin’s price crashed 8% on a single day, falling to $58k.

    A look at the daily charts signal that prices may fall further.

    After a failed test of resistance at $73.2k, Bitcoin priced had found support between $61k-$62k. However, on May 01, 2024, the price also broke down below this support. Now the next support seems at $50.6k.

    Bitcoin Supports and Resistances as on 1 May 2024
    Bitcoin Supports and Resistances as on 1 May 2024

    Option Data Confirms Bearishness

    Options data for Bitcoin shows that the markets are severely bearish. At a put/call ratio of 0.5, the markets are far more bearish than any time in 2024.

    Bitcoin Put/Call Ratio as on 1 May 2024 from Coinglass
    Bitcoin Put/Call Ratio as on 1 May 2024 from Coinglass

    Put/Call ratio is the comparision between put options (which signal bullishness) and call options (which signal bearishness). Ratio above 1 shows that the markets are bullish and if below 1, they indicate severe bearishness.

    Disclaimer: The above analysis is from an educational perspective and should not be taken as financial advice.

  • Altcoins Expecting a Super Rally Led by Bitcoin in 2024

    We might soon witness a super rally in almost all major altcoins. We expect a rally in the future because a post-halving rally in Bitcoin is due. Though, there are a few factors that are delaying the Bitcoin and an altcoin rally. However, we expect them to end between Aug- Oct 2024.

    Altcoins Rally Ahead as Bitcoin Enters Post Halving Phase

    The Bitcoin post-halving rally might trigger a rally in the altcoins too.

    When Bitcoin rallied from $30,000 (June 2023) to $72,300 (April 2024), we also witnessed a similar rally in altcoins too.

    • Ethereum rallied from $1900 to $4100.
    • Dogecoin tripled from $0.07 to $0.22.
    • Solana gave 13x returns from $14 to $200.
    • Shiba Inu went 3x from $0.000008 to $0.000024.
    • dogwifhat rose 15x from $0.3 to $4.5.

    Now considering this was the impact of a pre-halving rally, let us assess what could a post halving rally ( which is much greater) could impact altcoins.

    Factors Delaying an Altcoin Rally

    The Altcoin rally is pretty much dependent on the post-halving behavior of Bitcoin which itself is dependent on factors such as miners, US Fed interest rates and others.

    Miners and Their $5 Billion BTC Stash

    Bitcoin miners are estimated currently to have accumulated a stash worth of $5 billion in Bitcoins. Now as the 4th halving reduces their block rewards, they might soon find it difficult to fund operations with a reduced income.

    If Miners Sell Bitcoins

    If Bitcoin miners decide to sell their BTC holdings, an additional $5 billion worth of Bitcoins would enter the markets. As per 10x Research, that amount is sufficient to keep the Bitcoin prices suppressed at current levels ($60k-$70k) for the next 6 months.

    In this scenario, a Bitcoin post halving rally would only materialize in the latter half of 2024, possibly after September.

    If Miners Don’t Sell Bitcoins

    Assuming that miners don’t sell their Bitcoins or even if they sell, they do so at very small amounts, then the number of new Bitcoins entering the markets would be very low.

    In such a scenario, Bitcoin would rally as soon as ETF inflows start pouring in. This could be somewhere in the June – August period.

    US Government Actions

    The US crypto market is the largest market for cryptocurrencies as well as crypto ETFs. The ability of this market to buy Bitcoin depends upon macroeconomic factors like Federal Reserve interest rates, government taxation policies and other policies.

    Federal Reserve Interest Rates

    An increase in interest rates would encourage more people to save, as they can earn higher returns on their savings. Additionally, the higher cost of borrowing would deter people from taking out loans.

    Conversely, a decrease in interest rates would make borrowing cheaper, encouraging more people to take out loans. This increase in borrowing could lead to greater spending and circulation of money in the economy.

    Since Aug 2023, Federal interest rate has been at 5.33%. Being at the highest level since 2009, the high interest rates are forcing people to pay more on their car loans, property loans and student loans. Therefore leaving lesser amount of investable cash with them.

    Despite several macroeconomic problems, the US Fed has been trying to suppress inflation by raising interest rates.

    US Federal Reserve Interest Rates History
    US Federal Reserve Interest Rates History

    However, since Aug 2023, the rates has been constant because if interest rates are raised above these levels, it might bring a recession in the US economy.

    NOTE: Germany and Japan have already entered recession as on 25 April 2024.

    Now, that the inflation is still above their 2% target (3.5% as of March 2024), there is less expectation that the interest rates will fall soon. This leaves little cash with people and stops them from investing.

    US Inflation Rates from March 2020 - March 2024
    US Inflation Rates from March 2020 – March 2024

    New Taxation Policy on Bitcoin Mining

    A new taxation policy might be re-introduced for Bitcoin Miners. The US Government is looking to reintroduce a policy which could raise excise duty to 30% on electricity supplied to the Bitcoin farms.

    Expensive electricity might force Bitcoin miners to either shut their business or relocate somewhere where taxation policies are favorable.

    Mining Difficulty
    Bitcoin Mining
  • Bitcoin Runes Might Outperform Bitcoin Ordinals in 2024

    Bitcoin Runes, another token standard coming out of the Bitcoin network (after BRC-20) has hit the market on 20th April 2023 just at the time of Bitcoin halving. Runes were created by Casey Rodarmor (creator of Bitcoin ordinals) and are based on the Ordinals Theory.

    The protocol helps in the creation and management of memecoins and degens in a way similar to Solana.

    How Bitcoin Ordinals Helped Create Surge in Bitcoin Miner Revenues?

    After the introduction of Bitcoin Ordinals, we saw a huge interest in them from the crypto community. Introduced in December 2022, Ordinals saw a huge boost near May 2023. The number of inscriptions (creation of Ordinals) touched as high as 400k per day.

    The creation of each ordinal was done by inscribing information onto a Satoshi, which was the smallest unit of Bitcoin (1 Bitcoin = 100 million Satoshis).

    Consequently, there was also a boost in the fees paid. Each Ordinals was basically created on a single Satoshi but their transaction fees was similar to transferring ordinary Bitcoins because both of them introduce similar changes in the Bitcoin blockchain.

    Note: Fees in blockchains are calculated based on how much data you are adding to the blockchain.

    Let us simplify it with an hypothetical example. Assume that for the transfer of 1 Bitcoin, it consumes 100 MB of data, and costs $10. So for the transfer of 1 Satoshi it would require 1 byte of data, and a fee of $0.00001. However, since a ordinal is created with adding more data onto a Satoshi, its size increases, to say 10 MB. Hence, the fees could be around $1 (1/10th of Bitcoin in size). But the Satoshi still remains a Satoshi, its value is the same but its transfer fee has increased 10 million times.

    This is how the fee has increased after the introduction of Ordinals.

    Decoding Miner Revenue Increase Due to Ordinals

    Now an increased fee would also mean an increase in miner revenues as each Bitcoin Ordinal would have to go through the verification process similar to an ordinary transaction.

    All in all, Bitcoin Ordinals helped miners make approximately $451 million in just fees. Also the value of miner stocks went up by 100%-300%.

    Will the Same Story Repeat for Bitcoin Runes?

    Yes, let me explain why. Casey Rodarmor has created Bitcoin Runes to help developers create memecoins which are easier to create, deploy and manage.

    We expect Bitcoin Runes to have a similar or even a stronger performance than Bitcoin Ordinals. The reason is due to the high demand in the Memecoin markets.

    Lately, memecoins have been the largest gainers in the crypto markets. Traditional memecoins like Dogecoin and Shiba Inu, have been trading at nearly 2x-3x prices as compared to the past year. New memecoins like Bonk, Pepe, dogwifhat and many others have also garnered massive number of users.

    The combined net worth of all memecoins stands at $56.8 billion as of 24th April 2024.

    Source CoinMarketCap
    Source: CoinMarketCap

    Now, if the same cryptocurrencies will be created on Bitcoin, they could fetch far more users than any other blockchain. The unmatched security of Bitcoin Network would make these cryptocurrencies more safe than other blockchain.

    Runes vs Ordinals

    Bitcoin Ordinals which were first seen in December 22, 2023 were intended to bring NFT like capabilities to the Bitcoin blockchain. They were created by Casey Rodarmor and used unspent UTXOs to create new cryptocurrencies.

    On the other hand Bitcoin Ordinals are Satoshis on which information is inscribed.

    Detailed Article on Bitcoin Runes: What are Bitcoin Runes? How Do They Work?

  • What are Bitcoin Runes? How Do They Work?

    Bitcoin Runes are a new token standard for the Bitcoin blockchain that helps create new cryptocurrencies from the UTXOs left after transactions. The token standard is an improvement over BRC-20 which is based on Ordinal Theory.

    Bitcoin Runes were launched with the 840,000th block on the Bitcoin blockchain which also marked the 4th Bitcoin Halving.

    Please note that Bitcoin Runes are different from BRC-20 tokens standards which were dependent on the Ordinals Theory and rely on the Taproot Upgrade.

    Casey Rodarmor’s Motive Behind Runes

    The main motive of creating Bitcoin Runes was that it was an upgrade over the BRC-20 protocol. Also, runes severely help in the management of UTXOs which earlier went to junk.

    Casey launched Bitcoin Runes with the 840,000th block in the Bitcoin blockchain which was the last block of the previous halving cycle and executed the 4th Bitcoin Halving. The work on Bitcoin Runes was started as far as September 2023.

    Casey Rodarmor who was behind the creation of Bitcoin Ordinals based on the Ordinal Theory.

    How do Bitcoin Runes Work?

    Bitcoin Runes are created as a result of Unspent Transaction Outputs (UTXOs). These are the “change” that gets left behind when a certain transaction is successful. Think of it as the $2 note you get back when you buy something worth $18 and pay with a $20 note.

    When a transaction is initiated, you typically send an entire UTXO to pay for the network fees. Now a portion of this UTXO is spent and a new UTXO is sent back to you. Runes are made when the original UTXO is marked with the Rune’s name, Symbol, Decimals and Total Supply.

    Then an OP_RETURN function gives the output which is in the form of Runes.

    Previously sent UTXOs were almost useless and had no further use.

    Technical Details about Bitcoin Runes

    Basic Concepts:

    • Rune ID: This is a numeric identifier unique to each Rune.
    • Output: In the context of a transaction, this refers to the specific place where Rune tokens are directed.
    • Amount: This specifies how many Rune tokens are being transferred.

    Transaction Mechanics:

    • OP_RETURN Output: Every action involving Runes—whether creating new ones or transferring existing ones—is recorded using an OP_RETURN output in a Bitcoin transaction. This output includes necessary information like the rune’s divisibility, name, and other metadata. Casey Rodarmor went to call Runes as simple OP_RETURN thing.
    • Divisibility: Each Rune can be split into smaller parts, up to 38 decimal places. For example, a typical divisibility setting might be 18 decimal places, similar to many Ethereum-based ERC-20 tokens.
    • Max Supply: The total amount of Rune tokens is capped and represented by a 128-bit unsigned integer. The maximum value is extraordinarily large, allowing for a vast quantity of tokens when considered with their divisibility.

    UTXO and Token Tracking:

    • UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output): The Rune protocol uses this Bitcoin mechanism to manage the supply of tokens. Unlike systems that link tokens directly to wallet addresses, Runes maintains its token supply within individual UTXOs. This means each UTXO contains information about the quantity of Runes it represents, independent of any wallet address.
    • Token Transfer: To move Runes, a transaction with an OP_RETURN output specifies how tokens are transferred from one UTXO to another. This system ensures the balance of tokens can be tracked across transactions without associating them directly with the personal identities of users.

    How are Bitcoin Runes Created?

    Runes are Created with Runestones.

    Bitcoin Runes are created when a message is inserted in the genesis UTXO that the resultant UTXO is to be converted into a RUNE. This message is called “Runestone”.

    Runestones are Etched on a UTXO

    The act of inserting a message into a runestone is called as “ETCHING”. Typically an “etching” contains the following information:

    • Name: A name must contain letters between 1 and 28 characters. For example, XAEADD is a rune’s name. 
    • Divisibility: Divisibility is the number of units a rune can be divided into. 
    • Symbol: This is the symbol of a Rune. Note: Runes without a symbol are given the generic scarab (`¤`) as their sign.
    • Premine: A premine is the initial allocated amount of runes set aside by its creator.
    • Terms: Terms established during an open mint allow anyone to mint and allocate units.
    • Cap: This factor decides how many times the Rune can be minted.
    • Amount: This value decides how many rune units (a fixed amount) will be created with each mint transaction.
    • Start height: This is the block height where the minting of the Rune will start.
    • End height: This is the block height where the minting of a Rune will end.

    Bitcoin Runes vs BRC-20

    Bitcoin Runes are far more efficient and feature rich as compared to the BRC-20 token standard.

    BRC-20 Tokens were created by DOMO.

    Wallets

    • Bitcoin Runes do not need any special wallet and are also compatible with layer-2 solutions such as the Lightning Network.
    • BRC-20 need wallet that are compatible with the Taproot Upgrade.

    Unspent Transaction Outputs (UTXO)

    • Bitcoin Runes do not create any UTXO, each UTXO can be further converted into more Runes. Also a single UTXO can be converted into multiple new runes such as 10 units of Rune A, 20 units of Rune B, 50 units of Rune C and so on.
    • BRC-20 Tokens do create UTXOs which go to junk.

    Data Storage

    • Bitcoin Runes use the main Bitcoin blockchain to store data and do not need any off-chain or third party storage.
    • BRC-20 coins do need an off-chain storage.

    Lightning Network Compatibility

    • Bitcoin Runes are compatible with Lightning network.
    • BRC-20 tokens are not compatible with the Lightning network.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Were Bitcoin Runes a part of the Bitcoin Blockchain initially?

    No, Satoshi Nakamoto never thought that individual sats could be turned into runes. Runes were never a part of Bitcoin originally. However, sats on which the Runes are based, have been the fundamental unit of Bitcoin always.