In Ethereum, Gas War means a competitive situation where senders compete for gas fee to get their transactions executed in priority.
Gas fee is the transaction fee charged in the Ethereum blockchain. The fee is paid to Ethereum validators for verifying transactions and adding blocks to the blockchain.
Block Headers are the meta data of each block on a blockchain. They contain details such as nonce value, hash of previous block, timestamp, difficulty target, etc.
A Merkle Root is the hash of all the transactions in a block by hashing transactions till the time there exists only a single hash result for the entire block.